Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about
Tatars and Tatarstan with Answers
$Id: Tatar_FAQ,v 1.5 1996/10/15 17:58:24 iskender Exp $
Copyright (C) 1995-1996 by Iskender Agi and the contributors listed
below. All rights reserved.
Permission to copy or use this document without fee is granted pro-
vided that:
(1) it is not altered in any way without permission from the
authors
(2) such copying or use is not for commercial advantage, and
(3) no portion of this document is incorporated into any other doc-
ument for commercial advantage, and
(4) this copyright notice remains with the document.
Maintainer: Iskender Agi <iskender@csl.sri.com>
Major Contributors: (in alphabetical order)
Inci Bowman <inci.bowman@utmb.edu>
Nermin Eren <ne10@columbia.edu>
Rafek Hakim <rafek.hakim@mailbox.swipnet.se>
Alik Gilmullin <gilmy@open.ksu.ras.ru>
Open Media Research Institute <http://www.omri.cz/OMRI.html>
Ravil Selihmet <selihmet@ix.netcom.com>
Suyumbika Ziganshina <ziganshi@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu>
This FAQ list is an attempt to provide a concise overview of Tatars
and Tatarstan. It is in no way meant to be a comprehensive document.
This document may and very possibly does contain errors. If you find
any please notify Iskender Agi, and the correction will be made.
The bulk of the Tatar FAQ was written by Ravil Selihmet with various
sections written by others. The editing, compilation and formatting
was performed by Iskender Agi. So, if you have a question or concern
about content, please refer it to the right person.
This FAQ was prepared using the Troff to HTML converter m2h. This FAQ
is available on the World-Wide Web at the address
http://www.csl.sri.com/~iskender/TMG/Tatar_FAQ.html
Pointers to other Turkic pages including the archive of mail messages
sent to the Tatar e-Mail Group (TMG) are available on the TMG Web page
http://www.csl.sri.com/~iskender/TMG
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 2
1. What is the geography of Tatarstan?
Located in the eastern portion of the East European Plain, Area:
68,000 sq.km. Longitude: 48-54' Latitude: 54-57'; Bordering Udmurt &
Bashkirtistan Republics,Orenburg, Samara and Ulyanovsk Regions,Chuvash
Republic.
1.1. What is the geographical makeup of Tatarstan?
4 large Rivers; Idil (Volga), Kama, Ak Idil (Belaya), Vyatka
2 Reservoirs: Kuibishev and Niznekamsk
1500 Small river & streams; 8000 lakes Land: 60% Partially wooded
steppes, 16% forest, 6% flood plain, 18% water
1.2. What is the climate? Moderate , Continental: Avg. temp July
19' C; Jan. -13.5'' C; Precipitation 46.6 cm.
1.3. What is the population?
As of 1992; 3,700,000
Ethnic Mix: 48.5% Tatar, 43.3% Russian, 3.7% Chuvash( Christian
Tatars), Others 4.5 %
Urban Population 73.4% in 19 Cities, Kazan, Capital 1.2 million,
Challi (Naberejni Chelny) 600,000
Total Tatar Population in the CIS 6,648,800; In Russian Federation
5,522,000
2. What are the different Tatar groups (ethnography)?
This may not be appropriate as we don't want to play into the Russian
Divide and rule policy. However might be appropriate at a later date
to come up with statistics as to how many Tatars live in Moscow,
Siberia etc.
From a post on TMG from Suyumbika Ziganshina <zigan-
shi@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu>
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
: :
:Suyumbika Ziganshina, FSA Graduate Fellow We are all in the gutter, but:
:Graduate School of Library & Info Science some of us are looking at
the:
:University of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign stars. :
:Telephone: (217) 332-5801 Oscar Wilde :
: :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Bennigson & Wimbush (The post is not exact quotation. Some minor
changes have been made.) (p. 231)
Tiumen (tumen) and the Tobol Tatars: Self denomination "Tiumenli"
and
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 3
"Tobolik". In 1926 there were 22,636 Tiumen and 32,102 Tobol Tatars.
Tara Tatars, self-denomination Tarlyk (Darlik ?) In 1926 there were
11,517 Tara Tatars, in the valleys of Irtysh and Tara.
Baraba Tatars, self-denomination Baraba, 7,528 in 1926.
Bukharlyks, originally 15th and 16th century fur merchants from Cen-
tral Asia and western Siberia. 11,659 in 1926.
There are other groups there, the Volga Tatars, the Astrakhan Tatars,
the Kasimov group and the Bashkirs (Bashqurts).
Astrakhan Tatars, self denomination Karagashly, are mixtures of the
Nogais and Astrakhan Tatars. They speak and write the same language as
the Kazan Tatars. 43,000 in 1926.
Kasymov Tatars are the refugees from Kazan Khanate who settled in
Riazan in the 15th century under the leadership of Kasym Khan. 7,399
in 1897.
Lithuanian Tatars also called Polish or Belorussian Tatars are descen-
dants of the Nogai Ordu (Horde) to whom Grand Duke Vitautas applied
for assistance in his struggle against the Teutonic Order. After the
victory at Grunwald (1410) they were invited to settle in Lithuania.
They speak mostly Polish but are Muslim. Probably around 5,000 left.
Some migrated to the USA and live in Brooklyn :-)..
The largest groups is probably the Volga Tatar group. [Mine: Volga
seems to be corruption of Bulgar (Bolgar).]
Volga Tatars proper, also called Kazan Tatars. Before the revolution
they called themselves 'Turks' and in some cases Bulgars. They are
descended from the Volga Bulgars, of turkicized Eastern Finns and of
the Golden Ordu Turkic tribes. They range in ethnic type from the
purely Finnic (blond and blue eyed) to the mongoloid type resembling
Kazakhs.
Mishars, turkicized Eastern Finns (Meschera and Mordvinians). They
preserve their Finnic ethnic type and speak a western dialect of Kazan
Tatars. About 200,000 in 1912.
Teptiars, Volga Tatars who migrated east after the Russian conquest of
Kazan and settled among the Bashkirs. Their dialect is a mixture of
Tatar and Bashkir. 300,000 in 1912.
Kryashans, Volga Tatars converted to Christianity, mainly during two
campaigns. One in the late 16th century in which Muslim Tatars and
animist Turks and Finns were converted. The second in the first half
of the 18th century, during the reign of Tsarina Anna, when a large
number of Muslim Tatars were forced to convert. They've been assimi-
lating continuously. Probably no more than 250,000 presently.
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 4
(p. 234)
The ancestors of the Volga Tatars attained a high level of urban civi-
lization in the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries and their culture was
not destroyed either by the Mongol invasion of the 13th century or by
the Russian conquest of the 16th. In the 19th century the Tatar cities
of Kazan, Orenburg, Troitsk, and Astrakhan ranked among the great cul-
tural centers of the Islamic world.
This background explains the Tatar community's exceptional capacity
for survival. Not only has it resisted pressure over centuries aimed
at their assimilation by the Russians, but they even succeeded in con-
verting to Islam and Tatarizing some Eastern Finns (Udmurts, Maris,
Mordvinians) and Christian Turks (Chuvash). The exact number is not
known but is certainly considerable. This process was especially
strong between 1905 and 1928. At the same time, the Tatars are the
only Muslim Turkic nationality which, because of its diaspora, is
being linguistically being assimilated by Russians.
(p. 241)
Bashkirs: 1,371,000 in 1979. The ancestors of the northern and western
Bashkirs were Ugrian or Finnic tribes, turkified and islamized during
the period of the Golden Ordu and the Kazan Khanate. The southern and
eastern Bashkirs are descendants of the Turkic tribes closely related
to Kazahs and Nogais.
Krimchak: The Krimchak Jews (called Krimtschaki in Russian) are one of
the smallest and least-known Jewish groups. The Krimchaks were rab-
binical Jews who lived on the Crimean peninsula (especially in Kaffa).
Important settlements of Krimchaks began in the 16th century. They
spoke a form of Crimean Tatar. In 1926 there were 6000 speakers of
the Krimchak language. Today, there are virtually none. The Krim-
chaks did not know the Hebrew language but they did use the Hebrew
script. Their occupations were primarily farming and crafts. The
exact origins of the Krimchak Tatars are unclear. (contributed by
Kevin Brook <kbrook@acad.bryant.edu>)
========================================================================
Kevin Brook P.O. Box 1631, 1150 Douglas Pike, Smithfield, RI 02917
Bryant College Class of 1997 kbrook@acad.bryant.edu
------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://acad.bryant.edu/~kbrook/khazaria.html
========================================================================
2.1. Who are the Crimean (Kyrym) Tatars?
The following is bibliographic essay by Nermin Eren
<ne10@columbia.edu>, annotated by Inci Bowman <inci.bowman@utmb.edu>.
The Crimean Tatar cultural history is little known in the West
due to the lack of enough sources. In fact, as Allan W. Fisher wrote,
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 5
"...there is no account in any language of the history of Crimean
Tatars from their first appearance in Crimea until today" (_The
Crimean Tatars_, p. xii). However, Western scholarship is not com-
pletely uninformed about the Crimean Tatars, largely due to the
forcible removal of the Crimean Tatars from their homeland which took
place in 1944.
Besides the articles concerning the deportation, several major
studies (published books and dissertations) provide useful information
about Crimean Tatar cultural and political history.
The first pioneering study _ The Russian Annexation of the Crimea
1772-1783_ (Cambridge at the University Press, 1970) by Alan W. Fisher
contains detailed research based on Russian and Ottoman archival docu-
ments as well as primary and secondary sources relating to the sub-
ject. The study covers the political events from 1772 to 1783, and is
an objective and reliable source for understanding not only the
Crimean Tatars, but also the rivalry between the Russian and Ottoman
empires, which deeply affected the people of the Crimean peninsula and
the adjacent areas.
The second study, _The Crimean Tatars_ (Hoover Institution Press,
1978), by the same scholar, Alan W. Fisher, is a concise work on the
political, economic, social and cultural life of the Crimean Tatars.
The book begins with the origin of Crimean Tatar people and covers,
with sufficient arguments, much of the history of Crimean Tatars until
the end of 1960s. However, this concise history falls short of cover-
ing the Crimean Tatar intellectual life during the period immediately
after the annexation of 1783 and prior to the emergence of Ismail Bey
Gaspirali and his newspaper "Terjuman" in 1883. As the author
himself
states, this is not without a reason since intellectual life of that
period was not written, or documented by the Crimean Tatars them-
selves. In other words, scholars do not have enough sources to evalu-
ate the Crimean society from the end of the eighteenth and through
most of the nineteenth centuries.
The third study _Tatars of the Crimea. Their struggle for Sur-
vival_ (Duke University Press, 1988), edited by Edward Allworth, is a
clear narrative of the cultural and political history of the Crimean
Tatars. It contains articles written by both specialists on the sub-
ject and the Crimean Tatar intellectuals and dissidents living in the
United States. In addition, invaluable original documents translated
into English for the first time, make this book an indispensable
source for the students of Crimean Tatar culture.
The fourth study, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii and Muslim Modernism in
Russia, 1878-1914" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of
Washington, 1973) by Edward James Lazzerini, is a biography of Ismail
Gaspirali, one of the foremost reformers of the Turkic peoples of the
Russian Empire. It is also a detailed study of the "jadid" (reform)
movement in Russia based on primary as well as secondary sources. In
addition to this study, Professor Lazzerini published several articles
in various journals and books on the subject of the "jadid" movement
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and Ismail Gaspirali: "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali), the dis-
course of modernism, and the Russians" in _Tatars of the Crimea_,
edited by Edward Allworth (1988); "Gadidism at the Turn of the Twenti-
eth Century: a View from within" in _Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovie-
tique_ vol. XVI, # 2, (1957), pp. 245-277; "Ethnicity and the Uses
of
History: the Case of Volga Tatars and Jadidism" in _Central Asian Sur-
vey_ vol. I, # 2-3 (1982), pp. 61-69.
The fifth study,"National Movements and National Identity among
the Crimean Tatars (1905-1916)" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, 1990), by Hakan Kirimli is a good source for the
political history of Crimean Tatars during the first decades of the
twentieth century.
_The Punished Peoples_ (W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1978) by
Aleksandr M. Nekrich is a work written in Russian by Nakazannie Narodi
(Izdatel'stvo Khronika, 1978), and immediately translated into English
by George Saunders. The author, who served in the Soviet Army's polit-
ical department during the second World War, was in the Crimea in 1944
and personally witnessed the deportation of Crimean Tatars. This work
is an important source for that period and its aftermath.
Comparatively few other works deal with the Crimean Tatars.
_Soviet Zion_ (St. Martin's Press, 1994) by Allan L. Kagedan (although
the subject is not the Crimean Tatars) covers the efforts of Crimean
Tatar leadership (namely Veli Ibragimov) to prevent Jewish settlements
in Crimea, planned by the central Soviet administration during the
1920s.
Another source, _Ottoman Population, 1830-1914. Demographic and
Social Characteristics_ (The University of Wisconsin Press, 1985) by
Kemal H. Karpat partially deals with Crimean Tatar migration to the
Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century.
Particularly important for the study of Crimean Tatar immigration
to the Ottoman empire are the two articles by Mark Pinson. The first
article, "Ottoman Colonization of the Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria,
1854-1862" was published in _Proceedings of the Seventh Congress of
the Turk Tarih Kurumu_ (1970), and deals with the settlement of
Crimean Tatars in today's Bulgaria, which was a part of the Ottoman
Empire prior to 1912. The second article, "Russian Policy and the
Emigration of the Crimean Tatars to the Ottoman Empire, 1854-1862,"
which appeared in two parts in _Guney Dogu Avrupa Arastirmalari Der-
gisi_ (Istanbul University, I, 1972; II, 1973-74), covers the Tatar
out-migration after the Crimean War (1853-56). Both articles are
based on the author's unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, "Demographic
Warfare --Aspects of Ottoman and Russian Policies, 1854-1866" (Harvard
University, 1970).
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 7
3. What is the history of the Tatars?
In the middle of the 5 th. century after the death of Atilla, the
Great Hun Empire began to disintegrate into several Turkic Kingdoms
among them in the 7 th. century the Kingdom of Great Bulgaria.This
kingdom was short lived and upon the death of its ruler Kubrat Han
they splintered into two nations, one under the khan's younger son
Asparuh Han moved to what is now known as Bulgaria, associated with
the Slavic Tribes and established the Bulgarian Kingdom in 681 AD. The
other under the two elder sons Batbay and Kutrag intermingling with
Khazar and Alan tribes remained in the Eastern part of the European
Plains.A portion of these in the 8 th. century moved to what is now
Tatarstan/Bashkirtistan associating themselves with other Turkic and
Ugro-Finnic Tribes established the feudal Bulgar State in the IX-X
Century.
The state traded with Central Asia & China. On June 16?, 922AD the
Bulgars converted to Islam and the old Turkic Script was replaced by
the Arabic Alphabet. The inhabitants were talented in artisan-
ship,agriculture and commerce and had great ability in forming cities.
In 1236AD Bulgar was conquered by the Mongolian Batu Khan and became
part of the Golden Horde. However it did not lose entirely its inde-
pendence, resurrected its economy and culture and was first in the
moulding of cast iron. The weakening of Bulgar Khanate due to intense
fights for leadership prompted many to move west to the more tranquil
area of Kazan and in the 1430-40's after the fall of the Golden Horde
several Tatar States were formed consisting of the Kazan, Crimean,
Kasym, Sibirean and Astrakhan Khanates and these were further compli-
mented by Mari-Udmurts, Kipchaks and Nogais. The XV and the first half
of the XVI centuries saw the growth of the Kazan Khanate, also known
as Bulgars or Tatars (named for Turkic Tribes forced to fight in the
forefront of Genghis Khan's armies)[Historian Ravil Fahretdinov in
Azat Hatun, July 84].
Suyum bike Tower the symbol of Tatarstan built by Queen Suyumbike over
the grave of her husband Safa Girey(Has a lean of 194 cms).
Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible forces in Oct. 14, 1552.
1593 Tsar Feodor Ivanovich orders the destruction of all Mosques in
Kazan Land.
1708 Kazan Province established by Peter 1
1766 Catherine the Great rescinded the law on building mosques.
At the end of the last and early part of this century saw the awaken-
ing of the long dormant national identity, progressive religious out-
look, emphasis on modern education, increase in publication and gen-
eral political activity.
With the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 and during the early
stages of the Communist Revolution, Lenin encouraged among the
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Muslims, religious freedom and national identity-albeit within the
Communist framework., Tatarstan together with Bashkirtistan and part
of the present day Orenburg oblast took advantage and in a combined
National Assembly(Mejlis) on November 19, 1917 formed the Idil-Ural
State that encompassed 220,000 sq. kms of what is now Tatarstan and
Bashkirtistan.This was met with violent opposition of both Lenin and
Stalin. To prevent this brotherly unity the Soviets first in March
23, 1919 formed the Bashkir Autonomous Republic and subsequently on
May 27, 1920 the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic arresting
the participants and redrawing or as per Soviet Media "rounding off"
the natural borders to the benefit of the Russian Oblasts(Provinces).
With this surgical move 75% of the Tatar population found itself liv-
ing outside the borders of Tatarstan.
1920's Mass purges eliminated all members of the Tatar Government and
the greater part of the inteligentia. Intermittent bloody purges con-
tinued until the death of Stalin while systematic Russification con-
tinued unabated until the end of the Brejnev era. The economic
repression and the building of industrial complexes such as Magnito-
gorsk forced Tatars to leave their homeland, the void was filled by
Russians, Ukrainians and others in the building of the Kamaz Auto Com-
plex.
Tatar Parliament unanimously declared Tatarstan's Sovereignty on
Aug.30, 1990.
April 1991 Tatar Parliament asserted the supremacy of Tatar legisla-
tion over Russian where the two were in conflict.
March 21, 1992 in a Referendum on Tatarstan's sovereignty, witnessed
by International observers, with 81.6 of eligible voters voting was
approved by a margin of 61.4 percent to 37.2 percent of the eligible
voters.
4. What kind of government does Tatarstan have?
Sovereign State, subject of international law associated with Russian
Federation-Russia on the basis of Treaty about mutually delegated
rights and objects of treatment.
4.1. Who is the President of Tatarstan?
Mintimer Shaimiev reelected President by 91.2% of voters March 13,1994
4.2. When were the last parliamentary elections held?
Parliamentary elections for 130 seats with 59.78% participation held
on March 5, 1995
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4.3. Who are the people in the Government?
[Many of these should be updated]
Mintimer Sharip uli Shaimiev President Secretary Tel: 32-74-66
Vasili Lihachev1 Vice President Tel:32-05-90; Telex: 32-75-36
Farid. H. Mukhamedshin Prime Minister
M. H. Hasanov Vice Prime Minister
Ravil Fatihali Muratov Vice Prime Minister
Fatih Sibgatullin Minister Food & Agriculture
Timur Yuriuli Akulov Adviser to President
Rafael Khakimov Adviser to President Tel:(8432)36-58-76; Telex: 32-33-62
Askhat Safarov Adviser to President
Khafizov, Rustam Chairman of the legislative committee
of the Supreme Soviet
Ilgiz Khairullin Deputy Prime-Minister
Silza Khamidullin Vice-President
Mansur Khasnullin Deputy Prime-Minister
Sergei Kirillov Interior Minister (Major-Gen.)
Kamil Shamilyevich Iskhakov Chairman of Kazan City Council Tel: (7-8432)
32-7O-6O
Karimullin Chairman of Tatarstan's branch of
Russian Ministry of Security (former
KGB)
Alexandr Lozovoi Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
Zila Valieva Deputy Chairman of the presidium of
Tatarstan's Supreme Soviet
5. What does Tatarstan produce and who does it trade with? [Mostly
1991 Statistics]
5.1. Resources
Oil & Natural Gas 1600 million tons
Bitumen Oil 12500 " "
Gypsum 72 " "
5.2. Industry
Largest: Kamaz Auto Works, Tatneft & Kazanorgsintez-Petrochemical Com-
plexes, Kompressormash-Compressors, Tasma-film & Military
____________________
1 Per last election he is Speaker of the House don't know if
he is VP
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5.3. Industrial Complexes (w/18 major conversions to civilian use)
Type % of Output % of Labor
Mechanical -Engineering 34.8 55.9
Light & Food Industry 23.1 13.6
Chemical & Petrochem 21.7 12.2
Oil Production 7.4 4.8
Elec. Energy 4.6 2.3
5.4. Types of Manufacturing
Vessels, aircraft (Il 62,Tu 160 & Tu22M3)), heli-
copters(Mi8,Mi8MTV,Mi17), Airplane engines(Tu 174), Large compressors,
Electronic, Optical, Rubber, special oil byproducts, Medical goods,
Oil field & Chemical Equipment & Instruments
Production for 1991
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Electrical Power- Thermal 36,050 MK/hr
Hydro 1.448
Heat Energy 45,018 thous. GC
Natural Gas 1,202 million CBM
Oil 33,055,000 tons ( Approx 50% of Kuwait's output)
Polyethylene 322,293 tons ( 34% of Soviet production)
Synt. Rubber 427,954 tons (Butylene 75%,Isoprene 40% Soviet Prod)
Pipes, thermoplastic 34,102 tons(34 % of Soviet Production)
Carbon 60,723 tons
Film & Mag. Tape 2,918 million m. (654 + 2264)(46% & 23% of Sov.Prod)
Tires 12,211,400 (25% of Soviet Production)
Trucks 66,932(50% of Soviet Production)
Paper & Cardboard 98,857 Tons (25786 + 73071)
Meat & Byproducts 194,300 Tons
Grain 3,600,000 Tons
Flour 1,063,774 Tons
Milk 1.600,000 Tons
Milk byproducts 487,181 Tons
Potatoes 1,500,000 Tons
Sugar Beet 800,000 Tons
Meat 270,000 Tons
5.5. Trade
Imports: Clothes, Food,Raw Material for light & chem. indus-
try,Telephone & Medical Equipment($ 187 million outside CIS & Rus.Fed)
Exports: Oil, synthetic rubber, styrene, polyethylene, chemicals,
Tires, helicopters watches, Optical, trucks and Instruments($761
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million outside CIS/R.F)
Major Partners (Outside Russian Fed.) US 25%, Germany 13.2%, Turkey
12.3%
5.6. Other statistical data
Schools 2387 Voc/Tech Schools 170(105 + 65)
PreSchool 6800 University/Institutes 17
Scientific Research 80 Hospitals 296
Clinics 420 Sanatoriums 18
Nurseries 2556 Libraries 1798
Theaters 12 Philarmony 1
Museum/Exhibit Halls 53 Sport Complexes 772
Houses of Culture 2554
Transportation:
Rail 900 Km Roads 16,600 Km
Oil Pipelines 4130 Km Gas Pipelines 4,170 Km
Navigable Rivers 976 Km
Populated areas connected by air 19
Connections to approx. 70 cities within the Russian Federation and the
CIS, International flights to Istanbul 5 flights a week.
6. How do I communicate electronically with people in Tatarstan?
Area Codes: Kazan 8432
The e-mail address for Kazan State University is <user-
name@open.ksu.ras.su>
6.1. How can I write in Tatar using the Latin alphabet?
From a post by Alik Gilmullin <gilmy@open.ksu.ras.ru>.
/_/ (0 0)
========================----oOO--(_)--OOo----=====================
Alik Gilmullin
Artificial Intelligence Lab
Kazan State University
Kazan, Tatarstan
(gilmy@open.ksu.ras.ru)
===================================================================
Dear tatarophiler!
As known Latin alphabet contain 26 letter, but in Tatar Language there
is at least 32 phonemes. So there is problem of precise and unique
representation of the Tatar words on our computers. It is necessary
for the right understanding, search operations and, finally, for the
future of the Tatar Language. We offer this agreement.
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 12
*********************
Tatar e-mail alphabet
*********************
------------------------------
Tatar phonemes Examples
and its average
appearance in (if it's
Tatar texts (%) necessary)
-------------------------------
A 0.113
E 0.072 *ni (mother)
N 0.070
E 0.068 *t (dog), b*r (one)
I 0.066 bal*k (fish)
R 0.064
L 0.063
K 0.056
T 0.050
I 0.042 k*tap (book), *ke (two)
Y 0.033 ma* (oil)
G 0.030
M 0.028
B 0.028
D 0.028
S 0.027
U 0.025
Sh 0.018 ko* (bird), bi* (fife)
Z 0.016
C 0.015 ki* (evening)
P 0.015
Ng 0.013 ta* (dawn)
U? 0.011 k*l (like), but not "kul"(arm)
O? 0.011 k*l (ashes), but not "kol"(slave)
O 0.010
W 0.007
X? 0.006 *at (letter) May be X=H ?
J? 0.005 *ey (summer)
F 0.003
H 0.003 *em (and)
V 0.002 *okzal (railway station)
J ~ 0.001 *urnal (journal)
P.S. The last two letters appear mostly in Russian loan words.
P.P.S. Of course, this is only average texts statistics prepared
by our group working on Tatar computer linguistics.
So, we have following problems:
- - Four vowels (E,I,U,O) and at least one consonant (in our case J)
used twice.
- - Two phonemes (Sh,Ng) consist of two Latin letters.
There are a few ways to solve vowels problem = = "kol (ashes) - kol
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 13
(slave) problem":
- - koel - kul (like in Germany)
- - kol' - kol (make use of the sinharmony phenomena of Tatar by sign
- - kol - qol (like in Yangalif,1929)
- - kol - kol (no difference, recognition by context)
and of course
- - special drivers with required letters (we have it)
- - UNICODE project (in the near future as we hope)
7. What are the major(?) publications in Tatarstan?
7.1. Newspapers
There were approx. 200 newspapers in 1990, with many issued weekly or
monthly.
7.1.1. Published in Tatar
Vatanim Tatarstan 110,000(1994) Chief Editor M.A.Ehliullin, 420066
Kazan, Dekabrist Urami 2, Index 54123; Socio-Political Newspaper in
Tatar Published 5 times weekly
Tatarstan Haberleri 20,000(1992) Chief Editor Renat Haris, 420084
Kazan, Bauman Str. Tel:32-41-79 in Tatar Index 54129, Russian( Editor
V. P. Alaev) Index 54130
Shehri Kazan 25,000(1995),Chief Editor Helim Gainullin, Kazan 420066
Chistai Urami 5 nji Yurt; Tel 42-98-55 in Tatar, Index 54126, founded
by Kazan City Administration and Deputies,
Tatarstan Yeshleri 240,000(1992)Chief Editor Ismail Sherefiev,Kazan
420066 Dekabrist Urami 2, Tel: 53-52-34, Socio-Political Newspaper in
Tatar, Index 54121
Kizil Tan 117500(1990) Chief Editor ?, 450079 Ufa, Bashkirstan October
Ave 13 Floor 6, in Tatar, by subscription only.
7.1.2. Published in Russian
Izvestija Tatarstana, Chief Editor Yuri Laev
Sovietskaya Tatarstan, Chief Editor E. A. Lisin
Vechernaja Kazan, Chief Editor Khasbulat Shamsutdinov, Index 54125;
Pro-Moscow
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 14
7.1.3. Smaller Newspapers [Some might have ceased publication]
Donya(World) Chief Editor Rimzil Veli, former editor of Idel, 420060
Kazan, Soltangaliev Square # 1 Tel/Fax (8432) 36-75-74 3-4 issues
printed in the Latin script adopted in 1928? and abolished by Stalin
in the 1938's. Primarily directed to the Tatar Diaspora
Tatar Ili (1992) Chief Editor Fuat Hamidullin, Kazan Lenin St. 17,
Tel:38-65-23 in Tatar Index 54132, in Russian Index 54133
Idel-Ural 5000(1992) Editor Zamir Yakupov, Asst. Editor(s) Vildan
Fatkullin, Majit Nugayev, Ufa, Pushkin St. 120 Suite 34 Tel: 23-53-38?
Published in Tatar by the Tatar Democratic Group and Ufa Tatar Cul-
tural Center
Millet 10000(1991) Editor Faniye Hujiahmet, 420111 Kazan Lobachevski
St. 6/27 Published in Tatar by the Tatar People's Center- Published
monthly
Izvestija TOS, 5000(1992) Editor R. Sadikov 420111 Kazan Lobachevski
St. 6. Published in Russian by the Tatar People's Center and covers
Politics, Economy and National Subjects.
Suverenitet 10000(1992) Chief Editor A.H. Mannanov, 420021 Kazan Kayum
Nasiri St. 15 K22, In Russian Index 54134 Publib-Political newspaper
of the Democratic Sovereignty Movement.
Tugan Yak 5750(1991) Editor R. F. Ibrahimov, Sergach, Nijnigorod
Region, Sovetskaja St. 35 weekly in Tatar w/ some articles in Russian-
targets Tatars in Moscow( Address 113134 Moscow, Mali Tatarski
Pereulok 5-1) & Nijnigorod Region.
7.2. Magazines
Kazan Utlari 10862(1994) Chief Editor Ravil Feyzullin 420066 Kazan
Dekabristlar Urami 2 Tel:49-36-60, in Tatar published monthly. Index
73210. The oldest continually published magazine in Tatarstan
Suyumbike(Former Azat Hatin) 39722(1995) Chief Editor R. R. Tufit-
tulova 420066 Kazan Dekabristlar Urami 2 Tel: 53-38-75 Index 73002.
Monthly in Tatar Published since 1926
Miras 4533(1994) Chief Editor Ahmet Sehapov 420066 Kazan Chistai Urami
5 Tel: 49-36-62. Index 73955. monthly publication in Tatar covering
Social, Political and literary articles on Tatar life.
Tatarstan 5077(1993) Chief Editor R. E. Mostafin 420066 Kazan
Dekabristlar Urami 2 Tel:53-27-36 in Tatar & Russian(Approx 2500
copies in each language) Index 73377. Published since 1920 Socio-
Political Publication
Idel Chief Editor Faiz Zulkarnei 420012 Kazan Komlev Urami 14 Tel:
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 15
36-95-44 in Tatar 63244(1991) Index 73951 & Russian 11449(1991)
Index73952. Magazine for the Youth published by the Writer's Union.
Argamak Editor Aydar Halim in Tatar & Russian
8. Who are Tatarstan's prominent personalities?
Writer Assoc. President: Rinat Muhammedi; Members: Mansur Sha-
hapov,Zinnur Mansurov
Writers, Deceased: Abdullah Tukay(1886-1913), Dertmend, Zahir
Remiyev, Ayas Ishaki, Alimjan Ibrahimov, Hasan Tufan, Mehmet Galiev
Writers, Living: Emirhan Yeniki, Arif Ahunov, Renat Muhammedi, Ildar
Yusif, Shevket Galiev, Tufan Minullin, Gamil Afsal, Nurihan, Fetteh,
Rinat Haris
Kazan Teachers Institute Rector Ruzal Yusupov 1994
Kazan University Prof. Dilara Tumashova(Tatar Language), Prof. Talgat
Galiullin,Prof. Mirkasim Osmanov
Aksakal Shurasi(Elders Council) President- Rafik Nasibllauli
Hemidullin, Members- Omer Bashirov, Emirhan Yenikei, Mahut Nigmet-
janov, Mirkasim Osmanov, Mansur Hasanov, Ravil Fahretdinov, Genadi
Pauskin
Karimullin Abrar Gibadullovich-- Tatar writer, public figure
9. What are the prominent (and not so prominent) parties and associa-
tions in Tatarstan?
[Needs updating many from 1992]
Tatar Ichtimagi Uzegi(Tatar People's Center) Rafik Abzanov-President
Ittifak Partisi(National Freedom Party) Fevziye Fauizia Bairamova-
Chairperson-Pro Independence
Azatlik Komiteti(Freedom Committee)Rim Gilfanov or Ramai Yulda-
shev(Arrested 9/15/93) or Akhmadishin, Talgat-President-Pro Indepen-
dence Tatar Youth Organization
Suvirenitet Komitesi(Sovereignty Committee)Amir Mahmudov-President
Magarif Komitesi(Educational Committee) Rejuvenate Tatar Language
Merjani Uyushmasi(Merjani Association) Zeki Zainullin - President -
Cultural & Religious Affairs [forerunner of most political Associa-
tions]
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 16
Grajdani Rosiski Federati(Citizen's of Rus.Fed) - Alexander Salagayev
- Pro-Russia Org.
Vatann Jemgiyeti(Homeland Association) President Remzil Veli, Vice
Presidents -Ildus Sadik & Damir Gismetdin - Society promoting ties
w/Tatar Diaspora
[This info is from a post on TMG taken from from OMRI digest]
Key Figures in Tatarstan
LAST UPDATE: May 20, 1993
AKHMETOV RASHIT-------------- LEADER OF THE TATARSTAN BRANCH
OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF RUSSIA
BELYAEV VLADIMIR------------- MEMBER OF THE PRESIDENTIAL
COUNCIL; LEADER OF THE 'SOGLA-
SIE' MOVEMENT; CHAIRMAN OF THE
TATARSTAN BRANCH OF THE PEOPLE'S
PARTY OF FREE RUSSIA
GRACHEV IVAN----------------- LEADER OF THE 'PEOPLE'S POWER'
FACTION IN THE SUPREME SOVIET
(NARODOVLASTIYE) (PRO-MOSCOW)
ISKHAKOV DAMIR--------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE POLITICAL COUNCIL
OF THE TATAR PUBLIC CENTER
FANIL KHAZRET---------------- LEADER OF THE ISLAMIC DEMOCRATIC
PARTY OF TATARSTAN
OROL'KOV ALEXANDR----------- LEADER OF THE YOUTH FACTION
OF THE LOCAL CHAPTER OF THE
DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF RUSSIA
KUZNETSOV ANATOLIJ----------- CHAIRMAN OF OF THE KAZAN DIVISION
OF THE 'RUSSIAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY'
(RUSSKOE SOBRANIE OR RUSSKIJ NA-
TSIONAL'NIJ SOBOR ?)
LATIPOV Z.------------------- MEMBER OF THE PRO-MOSCOW FACTION
IN THE SUPREME SOVIET
MAGDEYEV MUKHAMET SUNGATOVICH- TATAR WRITER, PUBLIC FIGURE
MAKHMUDOV AMIR--------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE 'SOVEREIGNTY'
COMMITTEE; DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF
'MILLI MEJLIS'
MANSUROV NAIL---------------- ONE OF THE LEADERS OF 'TATAR-
STAN' FACTION OF DEPUTIES IN
THE SUPREME SOVIET (PRO-
INDEPENDENCE)
MIKHAILOV V.----------------- MEMBER OF THE PRO-MOSCOW FACTION
IN THE SUPREME SOVIET
MULUKOV MARAT---------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE TATAR PUBLIC
CENTER (PUBLIC ORGANIZATION
SIMILAR TO SAJUDIS IN PRE-
INDEPENDENCE LITHUANIA)
SALAGAYEV ALEXANDR----------- LEADER OF THE MOVEMENT 'CITIZENS
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION' (PRO-
MOSCOW)
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 17
SAFIN RESHAT----------------- COLONEL IN RESERVE,HEAD OF THE
'NATIONAL GUARD'(NARODNOYE OPOL-
CHENIE); DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE
TATAR PUBLIC CENTER
SAFIULLIN FANDAS------------- MEMBER OF THE PRESIDIUM OF TATAR-
STAN'S SUPREME SOVIET
SAFIULLIN ZHAMIL------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE OF THE TATAR PUBLIC
CENTER'S BRANCH IN NABEREZHNYE
CHELNY
SHTANIN ALEXANDR------------- ONE OF THE LEADERS OF THE
'PEOPLE'S POWER' FACTION IN THE
SUPREME SOVIET (NARODOVLASTIE)
(PRO-MOSCOW)
SULTANOV I.------------------ MEMBER OF THE PRO-MOSCOW FACTION
IN THE SUPREME SOVIET
TAHIROV INDUS --------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE WORLD TATAR
CONGRESS
USMANOV MIRKASIM A.---------- VICE-RECTOR OF KAZAN UNIVERSITY,
PUBLIC FIGURE
YUSUPOV R.A.----------------- LEADER OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY
OF TATARSTAN
ZAINULLIN ZAKI--------------- CHAIRMAN OF THE 'MARJANI' SOCIETY
ZAINULLINA FLERA------------- DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE 'ITTIFAK'
PARTY; DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE
'MILLI MEJLIS' (NATIONAL
'PARLIAMENT')
The following list includes a brief description of political parties
and movements in Tatarstan Autonomous Republic
Center.
ASSEMBLY OF THE PEOPLES OF THE VOLGA REGION AND THE URALS
founded in 1991; an umbrella organization uniting political and public
organizations and groups of the formerly autonomous republics of the
Volga-Urals area. Chairman-Gabdelbar Faizrakhmanov (deputy of the
Milli Mejlis) tel. 32-43-27
ASSEMBLY OF THE TURKIC PEOPLES
founded in 1991 in Kazan; chairman of the coordinating commit-
tee--Rafael Mukhametdinov (tel. 32-32-86); deputy chairman-Sanya
Akhmetova (tel. 32-73-9O).
BULGHAR NATIONAL CONGRESS
founded in 199O in Kazan; advocates the return to the Kazan Tatars of
their historic name-Bulghars; about 7O members; publishes its own
newspaper 'Bulghar ile' (Bulghar state); president--Gosman Khalilov
(tel. 39-24-12). The organization has branches in such cities as Oren-
burg, Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Kiev, Ulyanovsk. The local
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 18
organization in Kazan is called 'Bulghar al-Jadid' (founded in 1988;
is a collective member of the Tatar Public Center; chairman--Rashit
Kadyrov, tel. 75-53-43)
CITIZENS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
founded in 1991; about 5O members; chairman--Alexandr Salagayev (tel.
32-64-93)
DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF RUSSIA (of Nikolai Travkin)
Chairman of the Tatarstan branch--Rashit Akhmetov; HQs-42OO44 Kazan,
Prospekt Yamasheva 3O (tel. 53-92-61)
INITIATIVE CENTER OF THE PEOPLE'S FRONT OF TATARSTAN
founded in 1988; chairman of the organizational committee-Albert Gatin
(tel. 76-54-75); HQs- Kazan, Komleva Street 4 (tel. 36-93-74)
ISLAMIC DEMOCRATIC PARTY
founded in 1991; chairman of the coordinating council--imam-khatib of
the Moscow mosque Fanil Akhmadi
LIBERAL-DEMOCRATIC PARTY (of Vladimir Zhirinovsky)
chairman of the Tatarstan branch--Valery Gordeyev
MARJANI SOCIETY
founded in 1988; about 1OO members; president--Zaki Zainullin; HQs-
Kazan, Komleva Street 14 (tel. 36-98-12)
MILLI MEJLIS (national 'parliament')
founded in 1992; chairman--Talgat Abdullin
NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE PARTY 'ITTIFAK'
founded in 199O; about 5OO members; chairman--Fauzia Bayramova
(Naberezhnye Chelny)
ORGANIZATION OF LEFT-WING SOCIALIST-ORIENTED FORCES
founded in 1991; chairman--Victor Kudryavtsev (tel. 74-23-12;
74-14-94)
PEOPLE'S PARTY OF FREE RUSSIA (of Alexandr Rutskoi)
Kazan branch founded in 1991; about 5O members; leaders--Vladimir
Belyaev (tel. 36-5O-11) and Yevgeni Bagayev
REPUBLICAN PARTY OF TATARSTAN
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 19
founded in 1992; about 1OO members; chairman--Ruzal Yusupov (tel.
32-42-87)
REPUBLICAN PARTY OF THE PEOPLES OF TATARSTAN
(former Social-Democratic Party); chairman--Alexandr Kuznetsov (tel.
36-74-21)
SOVEREIGNTY COMMITTEE
Chairman--Amir Makhmudov; HQs--Kazan, Kayum Nasiry Street 1/5 apt. 22
(tel. 32-95-64)
TATAR PUBLIC CENTER
The largest political organization in Tatarstan; founded in 1989;
about 2OOO members in Tatarstan; has many branches in other cities;
president-Marat Molukov; HQs--42OO111 Kazan, Lobachevsky Street 6/27
(tel. 32-45-37)
founded in 199O in Kazan; about 300 members; president- Remzil Veli ;
vice-president--Damir Gismetdin and Ildus Sadik Office Address 4200111
Kazan Lobachevsky Street 6/27 Tel: 32-63-77 & Tel/Fax 32-48-52
YOUTH FOR DEMOCRACY
founded in 1991; about 6O members (mostly students of Kazan univer-
sity); chairman--Niyaz Akhmadullin (tel. 32-38-33)
10. Who are the major religious figures in Tatarstan?
Mufti Tatarstan -- Abdullah Galiulla Kazan Mufti
European Russia & Siberia, Ufa -- Talgat Tadjetdin or Zamir Hayrullin?
11. What are the Tatar organizations outside of Tatarstan and how do
I contact them?
Tatarstan Legation-Moscow
107813 Moskva
Sadovaya Chernagraski No: 10 Tel:095-9751736 Fax: 095-2072470
Tatarstan U. S. Representation
Linar Nailuglu Latypov
American Tatar Association
20-09 College Point Blvd.
College Point, N. Y. 11356
American Turko-Tatar Association
P.O.Box 1728
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 20
Burlingame, CA 94010
12. What are some references to Tatars and Tatarstan? A SELECT BIB-
LIOGRAPHY ON TATARS
Version (1996-07-28)
We are pleased to present below a select bibliography on Tatars, com-
piled by Rafek Hakim, and revised and augmented by Inci Bowman. Addi-
tional titles were provided by Michael Taylor and Nermin Eren. When-
ever possible, we provided brief annotations in order to make the bib-
liography more useful to our readers.
Part I of the bibliography includes works on Tatar culture, his-
tory, and social life, published in seven languages: 1) English [31],
2) Russian [14], 3) Tatar [9], 4) Turkish [12], 5) French [6], 6) Ger-
man [2], 7) Finnish [1]. Part II includes dictionaries and language
books, an additional 8 titles. The total number of entries at the
present is 75.
We invite members of TMG to participate in this project by send-
ing us references not included in this bibliography. When submitting
citations, please follow the format used here, as it would greatly
facilitate their addition to the bibliography.
Your comments and input are welcome.
Rafek Hakim (rafek.hakim@mailbox.swipnet.se)
Inci Bowman (inci.bowman@utmb.edu)
12.1. PART I. WORKS ON TATAR HISTORY AND CULTURE
12.1.1. Sources in English [31]:
Allworth, E. Tatars of the Crimea. Their Struggle for Survival.
(ed.) New York, 1987.
The deportation of Crimean Tatars, their struggle to
maintain their ethnic unity, the case of Mustafa Cemilev,
and related official documents. Two chapters deal with
Ismail Gaspirali.
Allworth, E. Muslim Communities Reemerge. Historical Perspectives on
(ed.) Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet
Union and Yugoslavia. Durham and London, 1994.
(Original German edition, Die Muslime in der Sowjetunion
und in Jugoslawien, Identitat-Politik-Widerstand. Koeln,
1989.)
Allworth, E. "Tatar Literature." In: Encyclopedia of World Literature
in the 20th Century, Vol. 4. New York, 1981.
A brief general survey of literary works produced by Tatar
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 21
authors of the Volga region and Crimea.
Akiner, S. Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union. London, 1983.
A useful handbook on the history, demography, language, and
religion of Islamic people living in Russia, Siberia, Central
Asia, and Transcaucasia. Chapter 3 includes valuable
information on Volga, Crimean, and Siberian Tatars.
Benningsen, A. "Tatars," Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic
Groups.
Ed. by Stephan Thernstrom. London, 1980.
Bennigsen, A.& Muslims of the Soviet Empire. A Guide.
Wimbush, S.E. London, 1985.
The first part covers the history of Islam in Russia and
Central Asia, and Islamic practices in Soviet Union. The
second part is a handbook on various ethnic groups of
Islamic faith. Chapter 9 deals with Tatars.
Bennigsen, A.& Islam in the Soviet Union. New York, 1967.
Lemercier, Q.
Bennigsen Broxup, M. "Tatarstan and the Tatars." In: The nationalities
question in the post-Soviet states (ed. Smith, G.).
London, 1996, pp. 75-93.
After a brief historical survey, this chapter looks at the
recent changes in Tatarstan, up to the February 1994 treaty
and the response to it.
Bukharaev R. The Tatars in the Alien. Kazan, 1993.
This short booklet was written to explain to western friends
who the Tatars really are. He quotes extensively from
mediaeval western sources.
Comrie, B. The Languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge, 1981.
Tatar is one of the 130 languages spoken in the former
Soviet Union. Chapter 2 deals with Turkic languages.
Devletshin, T. Cultural Life in the Tatar Autonomous Republic.
New York, 1953.
Fisher, A.W. Crimean Tatars. Stanford, 1978.
The best source in English on the history of Crimean Tatars.
It covers the Crimean Khanate, annexation by Russia,
subsequent Russian administrations, deportation and the
struggle for rehabilitation. Useful bibliography.
Fisher, A.W. The Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1772-1783.
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 22
Cambridge, 1970.
A scholarly work based on Russian and Ottoman documents
and other sources, describing the political events that
led to the annexation of Crimea.
Hale'n, H. A Bibliographical Survey of the Publishing Activities of the
Turkic Minority in Finland. Helsinki, 1979.
Hostler, C.W. The Turks of Central Asia. Westport, CT, 1993.
(Revised edition of Turkism and the Soviets, 1957.)
Here the word "Turks" is used in a broader sense to designate
those populations who speak Turkic languages. The first half
of the work consists of a handbook on Turkic people. The
second half deals with the Pan-Turkist movement in the
Ottoman Empire and Russia. Useful bibliography.
Ishboldin, V. Essays on Tatar History. New Delhi, 1953.
Jalil M. Selected Poems. Moscow, 1981. (Russian/English)
A brief biographical sketch and poems of this communist Tatar
poet who was executed by the Germans during the Second World
war for partisan activities.
Karpat, K.H. Ottoman Population, 1830-1914. Demographic and Social
Characteristics. Madison, 1985.
Part of the book deals with the migration of Crimean
Tatars to the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century.
Kirimli, H.S. National Movements and National Identity among the
Crimean
Tatars (1905-1916). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of
Wisconsin--Madison, 1990.
Landau, J.M. Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation.
London,1995.
The first chapter shows the influence of Kazan and Crimean
Tatars in the development of Pan-Turkism before the First
World War. It also usefully distinguishes between Turkism
and Pan-Turkism. The last chapter reviews the activities of
the Turkish government in the Turkic world since the collapse
of the Soviet Union.
Lazzerini, E.J. "Ethnicity and the Uses of History: The Case of the
Volga
Tatars and Jaddism," Central Asian Survey (November 1982):
61-69.
Lazzerini, E.J. "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii and Muslim Modernism in Russia,
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 23
1876-
1914." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1973.
Lederer G. "Islam in Lithuania," Central Asian Survey 14(3):425-448,
1995.
This article both describes the movement of Tatars to medieval
Lithuania and discusses the activities and perceptions of
Tatars within the boundaries of the modern state of Lithuania.
Rorlich, A. "Acculturation in Tatarstan: The case of the Sabantui
Festival" SR 2 (1982):316-22.
Rorlich, A. "One or More Tatar Nations?" IN: Muslim Communities
Reemerge,
edited by E. Allworth. Durham, 1994. (pp. 61-79).
Rorlich, A. The Volga Tatars. A Profile in National Resilience.
Stanford. 1986.
One of the best sources in English on Volga Tatars.
It covers the early history, how the Tatars settled in the
Bulghar State, the Volga Tatars in the Russian Empire, and
the Soviet State.
Sheehy, A. Crimean Tatars and Volga Germans. London, 1971.
Spuler, B. The Muslim World. The Mongol Period. Leiden, 1960.
Spuler, B. History of the Mongols based on Eastern and Western Accounts
of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Berkeley and
Los Angeles, 1972.
Wilson, A. The Crimean Tatars. A Situation Report on the Crimean
Tatars for International Alert. Cambridge, 1994.
Zenkovsky, S. Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia. Cambridge, MA, 1960.
An excellent account of the Pan-Turkist movement in the early
20th century and the formation of Soviet republics with Turkic
populations. Useful bibliography.
12.1.2. Sources in Russian [14], (Cyrillic Alphabet):
Ahmarov, G.N. O yazike i narodnosti misharei [The Nationality and Language
of Mischars]. Kazan, 1907.
Ahmarov, G.N. Teptyari i ih proishoshdenie [Tatars and Their Origins].
Kazan, 1907.
Aminov, D.A. Tatarii v ST. Peterburge [Tatars in St. Peterburg].
St. Petersburgh, 1994.
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 24
The Tatar community of St. Petersburg, which dates back to
the 18th century. Also includes many old photos and
interesting stories about Tatars of St. Petersburgh.
Bashirov, Z. Tatarstan Pamyatniki Priodyi [Illustrated book of the
countryside of Tatarstan]. Kazan, 1994. (In Tatar/Russian)
Devletshin, T. Sovjetskii Tatarstan [Soviet Tatarstan]. London, 1974.
Fuks, K. Kazanskie tatari b statisticeskom i etnograficeskom
otnoshenii [Tatars of Kazan; Statistics and Ethnography].
Kazan, 1844.
Ishaki, G. Idel-Ural [Idil-Ural region in Tatarstan]. Kazan, 1993.
A historical and geographical account of how and why Tatars
settled in this beautiful land.
Ishhakov, D.M. Tatarii-Popularnii ocerk etniceskoi istorii i demografii
[Tatars-Popular Essays on Ethnic History and Demography].
Kazan, 1993.
Extensive statistics on various Tatar groups living in
Russia since the 18th century and earlier. Covers Tatars
from different regions, cities, and towns in Russia.
Nikinova, S. Kazan na stapinnyikh otkryitkakh [Kazan on old postcards].
Kazan, 1994. (In Tatar/Russian/English)
Tomilov, N.A. Sovremennie etnicheskie processi sredi sibirshkih tatar
[The case of contemporary ethnic Tatars in Siberia].
Tomsk, 1978.
Valeev, F.H. Ornament Kazanskih Tatar [Ornaments of Kazan Tatars].
Kazan, 1969.
Valeev, F.H. Drevnee i srednevekovoe iskusttvo Srednevo Povolshya
[Ancient and the medieval art in the Middle Volga Region].
Yoshkar-Ola, 1975.
Valeeva, C.F. Monumentalho-dekorativhoe iskustva Sovetskoi Tatarii-
[Monumental and decorative arts of Soviet Tatarstan].
Kazan, 1984.
The various designs Tatars traditionally used in decorating
their houses, clothes, boots, jewelry, and other household
items. Includes many color pictures.
Vorobev, N.I. Kazanskie Tatari [Kazan Tatars]. Kazan, 1953.
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12.1.3. Sources in Tatar [9]:
Ahmerov, A. Kazan Tarihi [Kazan History, in Arabic script]. Kazan, 1909.
Gainullin, M. Tatar edipleri [Tatar writers]. Kazan, 1978.
Gubaidullin, G. Burungu Bulgharlar [Ancient Bulghars, in Arabic script].
Kazan, 1927.
Gubaidullin, G. Tatarlarning kilep chiguvi hem Altin Urda [The origin of
Tatars and the Golden Horde, Arabic script]. Kazan, 1924.
Gubaidullin, G. Tatar Tarihi [Tatar History, in Arabic script]. Kazan, 1923.
Khalikov, A. Tatar khlkining kilep chigishi [The origin of the Tatar
people]. Kazan, 1974.
Sattarov, G. Isymyng matur, kymner kuigan? [Your name is beatiful, who
gave it to You?] Kazan, 1989.
Have you ever wondered what your name means? You can find
plenty of examples of female and male names, typical Tatar
names given in Tatarstan as well as some advice for parents
on how to a name a baby.
Zabirov, Sh. Tatar cislology 1995 [Tatar Calendar 1995].
Hushahmet F. Kazan, 1994
The first Tatar Calendar, based on Islam. Also includes
poems, anectodes, and quotations about Tatar customs and
culture.
Zakiev, M.Z. Tatar khalik teleneng barlikka kilue [The emergence of the
Tatar vernacular]. Kazan, 1977.
12.1.4. Sources in Turkish [12]:
Abdulhamit- Turksuz Kirim: Yuzbinlerin Surgunu [Crimea without the Turks.
oglu, N. Deportation of the hundreds of thousands]. Istanbul, 1974.
Battal, A. Tatar Tarihi. Kazan Turkleri. Tarihi ve siyasi gorusler
[Tatar History. The Kazan Turks. Historical and political
aspects, in Arabic script]. Istanbul, 1925.
Devlet, N. Ismail Bey Gaspirali (1851-1914). Ankara, 1988.
Gokalp, Z. Turkculugun Esaslari [first published in 1923]. Istanbul,
1970. English translation by Robert Devereux, The Principles
of Turkism. Leiden, 1968.
Gozaydin, E.F. Kirim. Kirim Turklerinin Yerlesme ve Gocmeleri [Crimea.
Migration and Settlement of Crimean Turks]. Istanbul, 1938.
Ilkul, A.K. Turkistan ve Cin Yollarinda Unutulmayan Hatiralar
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 26
[Unforgetable Memoirs of China and Turkestan]. Istanbul, 1955.
Kirimer, C.S. Gaspirali Ismail Bey. Dilde, Fikirde, Iste Birlik.
Istanbul, 1934.
Biography of Ismail Gaspirali, based on his writings
published in Terjuman (Tercuman) and other sources.
Kirimer, C.S. Bazi Hatiralar [Memoires of Cafer Seydahmet Kirimer].
Istanbul, 1993.
Kirimli, H. & Kirim Bibliyografyasi; Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Donemi, 1923-1986.
Aktas, U. [Bibliography on Crimea; Turkish Republic Period]. Ankara,
1987?
Kurat, A. Kazan Hanligini Kuran Ulug Muhammed Han Yarligi [The command
of Ulu Muhammed, founder of the Kazan Khanate]. Istanbul,
1937.
Ulkusal, M. Dobruca ve Turkler. Istanbul, 1987.
Written by a Tatar emigre leader, the work deals with
Turks and Tatars living in Romania.
Ulkusal, M. Kirim Turk-Tatarlari. Dunu, Bugunu, Yarini [Turkish-Tatars
of Crimea. Past, Present, and Future]. Istanbul, 1980.
12.1.5. Sources in French [6]:
Bahadir Han Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares. St. Leonards, 1970.
Bennigsen, A. Les musulmans oublie's. L'Islam en Union Sovietique. Paris,
1981.
Bennigsen, A. Les movements nationaux chez les musulmans de Russie.
Le "Sultanglievisme" au Tatarstan. Paris, 1960.
Dirks, S. La famille musulmane Turque. Paris, 1969.
Halasi-Kun, T. Monuments de la langue tatare de Kazan. Bibliteca Orientalis
Hungarica, 1942.
Ishaki, A. Idel-Oural. Paris, 1933.
12.1.6. Sources in German [2]:
Kappeler A. Russlands Erste Nationaliteten: Das Zarenreich die Volker der
Mittleren Wolga vom 16 bis 19 Jahrhundert. Vienna, 1982.
Kirimal, E. Der nationale Kampf der Krimturken. Emsdetten, 1952.
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 27
12.1.7. Sources in Finnish [1]:
Leitzinger A. Mishaarit - Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteiso, Helsinki 1996.
The Book is written in English including an English
Summary on 8 pages. The total amount of pages is 278.
An introduction to Mishar history. The way Mishar Tatars
settled down in Finland and how they succeeded to
build up a Misher Tatar Community in Finland.
12.2. PART II. DICTIONARIES AND LANGUAGE BOOKS [8]
Tatar teleneng anglatmali syzlege [Unabridged dictionary
of the Tatar Language, in Cyrillic Alphabet]. 3 Vols.
Kazan, 1977-1981.
A basic Tatar dictionary, with many examples drawn from
everyday situations to illustrate the uses of words.
Ercilasun, Karsilastirmali Turk Lehceleri Sozlugu; Turkiye, Azerbaycan,
A.B., etal. Baskurt, Kazak, Kirgiz, Ozbek, Tatar, Turkmen, Ugur Turkceleri
ve Rusca [Comparative Dictionary of the Turkic Languages].
2 volumes. Ankara, 1992.
Compiled by Prof. Ercilasun and eight other linguists, this
reference works includes 7,000 words in Turkish, and the
corresponding terms in Turkic languages and Russian.
Volume 2 is the the cross index.
Ganiev F.A. Tatarcha-Ruscha Suzlek [Tatar-Russian Dictionary (25,000
words)]. Kazan, 1995.
Rashitov, A. Koyashli il-vakhet ile [Sunny Land-Land of Happiness].
Kazan, 1981.
If you want to learn the Tatar Language (and if you speak
Russian), this book will help you. Many common phrases from
everyday situations, basic grammar for beginners.
Safiullina F.& Tatar tele, razgavornik hemde grammatik [Russian-tatar
phrase
Yusupova A. book and grammar]. Kazan, 1991.
An easy and fun way to learn the Tatar grammar and phrases.
With illustrations and jokes, written entirely in Tatar.
Safiullina F.& Russca-tatarca razgavornik. [Russian-tatar phrase book
and
Galiullina grammar]. Kazan, 1986.
Shakhmayev, S. Tatar: Tatar-English/English-Tatar Dictionary. New York,
1994.
Zakiev, M.Z. Tatarskii yazik/Tjorskie yazik [Tatar/Turkish Language]. 1966.
For additions and comments, please contact:
Tatars and Tatarstan FAQ with Answers $Revision: 1.5 $ 28
Rafek Hakim, Stockholm, Sweden e-mail:
<rafek.hakim@mailbox.swipnet.se>
